GEOFF BENNETT: Good evening.

I'm Geoff Bennett.

AMNA NAWAZ: And I'm Amna Nawaz.

On the "News Hour" tonight: Hundreds are killed when a London-bound plane crashes shortly after takeoff in India.

GEOFF BENNETT: As protests against immigration raids continue, California goes to court to challenge President Trump's deployment of the National Guard.

AMNA NAWAZ: And we travel to Kenya to see how the Trump administration's cuts to foreign aid are hampering the fight against HIV.

JEFFREY OKORO, Executive Director, CFK Africa: The USAID infrastructure that was working behind the scene supporting the country, supporting our facilities was and has been very crucial.

(BREAK) AMNA NAWAZ: Welcome to the "News Hour."

Investigators are trying to determine what led to one of the worst airline accidents in decades.

More than 240 people died today after a London-bound Air India flight crashed just moments after takeoff.

GEOFF BENNETT: All but one of the 242 people on board reportedly perished.

And authorities are trying to determine how many other people were killed on the ground when the plane crashed into a building in the city of Ahmedabad in Western India.

As John Yang reports, it was the first fatal accident with a Boeing 787 Dreamliner.

A warning: This report contains graphic video.

JOHN YANG: It all happened in less than a minute.

Air India Flight 171 took off at 1.39 p.m. local time bound for London, on board, 242 passengers and crew.

It climbed to just 625 feet and then started sinking.

Within moments, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner crashed just outside the airport perimeter, hitting a hostel for medical students.

Videos from the site show the plane's tail jutting out from the building.

RAJMAL MENARIA, Victim's Relative (through translator): My daughter's father-in-law, his name is Vardi Chand, was on the flight.

I dropped him to the airport and came home, when we got the message that the plane had crashed.

JOHN YANG: Another video shows the plane's slow descent as if it was landing.

Indian officials said the pilot issued a mayday call, the international distress signal, but the flight crew didn't respond to subsequent calls from air traffic controllers.

Within seconds, a fireball and thick black smoke.

Air India CEO Campbell Wilson.

CAMPBELL WILSON, CEO, Air India: I know that there are many questions.

And, at this stage, I will not be able to answer all of them.

The investigations will take time, but anything we can do now, we are doing.

JOHN YANG: Miraculously, passenger Ramesh Viswash Kumar walked out alive, the sole survivor.

He was assigned seat 11A next to one of the main exit doors.

It's said he jumped off the plane.

Of the 241 others on board who perished, there were 169 Indians, 52 British, seven Portuguese, and one Canadian, among them, 22-year-old Nganthoi Sharma, a flight attendant, her family in Manipur in Northeast India, inconsolable.

Dr. Komi Vyas and her family of five posed for this smiling selfie on board the ill-fated plane.

The family was planning to move to London.

MAN: Goodbye, India.

MAN: Goodbye.

MAN: Thank you.

MAN: And our flight back to England.

JOHN YANG: Two British nationals, Jamie Ray Greenlaw-Meek and Fiongal Greenlaw-Meek, posted this video shortly before boarding.

And former Gujarat -- visit his family.

Some of the dead were on the ground.

The plane crashed as residents of this hostel were sitting down to lunch.

Some of the medical students were killed, their meals half-eaten, their bright futures extinguished.

For the "PBS News Hour," I'm John Yang.

GEOFF BENNETT: The plane's black box has been recovered, which could provide some answers about what transpired before the crash.

Investigators from the U.K. and the U.S. will travel to India to work with a team on the ground there.

For more on all this, we're joined now by our aviation correspondent, Miles O'Brien.

So, Miles, having seen the video of the plane taking off, what stood out to you?

MILES O'BRIEN: Geoff, it seemed like a normal takeoff roll.

They used quite a bit of the runway, but it was a very hot day there, and so the air molecules were less dense, and that would be expected.

It climbed out as you might expect,.

And then at the point you would imagine the landing gear being stowed away to continue the climb, things stopped moving and progressing.

The ascent settled down, leveled off, and then slowly but surely it went into the ground, apparently an aerodynamic stall.

So either this aircraft lost thrust and could not continue its climb or it lost lift.

And one of the things that strikes me is why the landing gear was still down as it went down.

It should have been stowed by that point.

And if you look at the trailing edge of the wing and look at where those flaps are, those aerodynamic surfaces which are extended during the takeoff and landing phases of flight, slower portions of flight to provide more lift, does not appear they were deployed.

So, some sort of misconfiguration here, perhaps, some sort of loss of thrust or maybe some combination of that, Geoff.

GEOFF BENNETT: Might those questions be answered by the black box which was recovered?

MILES O'BRIEN: I think almost 100 percent likely, Geoff, that the black box, both of them will shed light and give us an idea of what happened here.

There are literally thousands of streams of telemetry captured by the solid state black box on a Boeing 787, advanced airliner that it is.

And the cockpit voice for its quarter itself, which begins when the crew powers on the aircraft at the gate, will indicate if there was some miscommunication about whether the flaps or landing gear should have been stowed or if there was some misunderstanding about the configuration of the plane or the power settings.

There's any number of things that could have led to this, but I'm pretty certain we're going to get an answer because of the recovery of those boxes.

GEOFF BENNETT: And, Miles, there's been scrutiny in the past over the design of the 787 Dreamliner.

There's no indication the design played a role in this incident, but how does that history inform what the investigators will do when they get on the ground there?

MILES O'BRIEN: Well, it's important to remember that the investigation, a good one, never puts blinders on.

All factors are considered, and by process of elimination, you get down to the cause of an accident.

Boeing, in the early days of the 787, they had problems with the batteries, had to ground this fleet for quite a while, but it's had a sterling record ever since, no crashes, no fatalities.

We have heard recently from whistle-blowers that there are some questions raised about how the composite fuselage was joined together and whether it was shimmed properly.

No reason to indicate that that had anything to do with this particular event.

Having said all of that, investigators will be looking at those complicated systems that are meant to keep the aircraft safe to make sure it was doing its job as well, Geoff.

GEOFF BENNETT: Aviation correspondent Miles O'Brien.

Miles, thank you.

MILES O'BRIEN: You're welcome.

GEOFF BENNETT: Protests are continuing across the country, as are the immigration raids that have sparked the demonstrations, but with parts of Los Angeles under curfew, the city has been quieter for a second straight night.

As many as 700 U.S. Marines could also be on the streets by this evening, joining thousands of National Guard troops.

AMNA NAWAZ: Anger did boil over, meanwhile, in a dramatic confrontation today when a California senator was handcuffed while interrupting a press conference about ICE's conduct.

Special correspondent Marcia Biggs reports from Los Angeles.

MARCIA BIGGS: Outside of Los Angeles last night, a community came together to relay a message.

PROTESTERS: No ICE!

No ICE!

MARCIA BIGGS: Keep ICE out of Downey, a majority Hispanic community where yesterday agents reportedly conducted at least three immigration raids.

DARREN AVERY, Protester: My mom was a migrant.

And I was crying with him on the way over here, like, how lucky we are to know that I can go to bed and not worry about it in the morning that I'm going to be taken away from my kids.

WOMAN: This is Downey Memorial Christian Church, and we are not OK with you being on our property.

MARCIA BIGGS: Reverend Tanya Lopez captured this video of one arrest, which spilled into her church's parking lot.

REV.

TANYA LOPEZ, Senior Pastor, Downey Memorial Christian Church: They didn't allow him to identify himself.

They just grabbed him.

MARCIA BIGGS: We spoke with Lopez and Downey resident Paulina Alcala, who first spotted the confrontation.

REV.

TANYA LOPEZ: I wanted him to hear me very clearly, do not sign anything, do not answer any questions.

Who can I call?

And that's when they decided to draw their weapon on me, because I was refusing to step back.

PAULINA ALCALA, Downey Resident: All over social media, I have been seen people post, like, beware, there's ICE here, beware, there's ICE here, so I have just been driving around to see it for myself.

MAN: And confronted several car wash employees.

MARCIA BIGGS: In all, at least 330 immigrants have been detained by federal authorities in Southern California since last Friday.

PROTESTER: You should be ashamed, coming into our community!

REV.

TANYA LOPEZ: Everybody is in shock.

We never could have imagined that this would come literally to our doorsteps.

MARCIA BIGGS: In downtown L.A., during the second night of a curfew, police arrested dozens of protesters, and two officers were injured.

Across the country, protests against immigration raids also continued from New York City to Seattle, to San Antonio, where hundreds marched in a largely peaceful demonstration.

In Spokane, Washington, police sent pepper balls and smoke grenades into the crowd to disperse protesters, and the mayor instituted a curfew.

Today, California officials were in federal court for a hearing in their lawsuit against the Trump administration over its decision to send National Guard troops and Marines to the state, despite the objection of Governor Gavin Newsom.

President Trump disparaged protesters and took credit for things being more calm in L.A. DONALD TRUMP, President of the United States: These are bad people.

If we didn't go, Los Angeles right now would be on fire.

It would be a disaster.

And we stopped it, and last night was very good.

Nobody showed up.

You know why they didn't show up?

Because we were there.

MARCIA BIGGS: And in an online post, Trump acknowledged that deportations have been hard on the hotel and agricultural industries, saying: "This is not good.

We must protect our farmers.

But get the criminals out of the USA.

Changes are coming."

At a press conference today, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem doubled down on ICE's approach.

KRISTI NOEM, U.S.

Homeland Security Secretary: The Department of Homeland Security and the officers and the agencies and the departments and the military, people that are working on this operation, will continue to sustain and increase our operations in this city.

We are not going away.

MARCIA BIGGS: While Noem was speaking, she was interrupted by California Democratic Senator Alex Padilla.

Padilla was forcibly removed, brought to the ground and handcuffed, but was eventually released.

SEN. ALEX PADILLA (D-CA): If this is how the Department of Homeland Security responds to a senator with a question, you can only imagine what they're doing to farmworkers, to cooks, to day laborers out in the Los Angeles community and throughout California and throughout the country.

MARCIA BIGGS: Today, several Democratic governors testified before the House Oversight Committee about so-called sanctuary policies that limit cooperation with federal immigration authorities.

REP. ELISE STEFANIK (R-NY): Do you know who Raymond Rojas Basilio is?

GOV.

KATHY HOCHUL (D-NY): I just want to say this.

These crimes are horrific.

(CROSSTALK) REP. ELISE STEFANIK: Because of your sanctuary state policies.

GOV.

KATHY HOCHUL: In all of these cases, we would work with ICE to remove them.

REP. ELISE STEFANIK: You did not in this case.

They are walking on the streets because of your policies and your executive order that you signed three times.

Now, Raymond Rojas Basilio, do you know who that is?

GOV.

KATHY HOCHUL: I'm telling you this.

REP. ELISE STEFANIK: You don't know who it is.

GOV.

KATHY HOCHUL: I will explain to you the policies of New York.

We cooperate with -- I know you're just trying to... REP. ELISE STEFANIK: You do not.

You do not.

Specifically, ICE was told not to detain this individual, and he burned a woman alive on the New York subways in Kathy Hochul's New York.

MARCIA BIGGS: Back in Los Angeles, advocates like Giovanni Garcia are on high alert.

GIOVANNI GARCIA, Community Organizer: When you're talking to someone and you I don't know where an ICE raid occurs, it's just it happens so quick that, when you least expect it, it's like, oh, it's like they already have you, you know?

MARCIA BIGGS: This morning, he handed out cards informing people of their rights.

But where he says there normally would be lots of people looking for work on selling things on the street, there are only a few.

GIOVANNI GARCIA: To me, people that are still out here even after what occurred yesterday, that just goes to show that even though they're fearful, they also need to make a living.

These are people who have families that are waiting for them to eat dinner or what have you.

And they're relying on whatever work they have for the day to make ends meet, that being food, rent.

MARCIA BIGGS: Reina Chavez can't afford not to work.

She's been in the U.S. since 1988 and says she has legal documents, but that doesn't make her any less fearful.

REINA CHAVEZ, Street Vendor (through translator): We're all afraid because they don't respect us.

They don't tell us anything or show us documents or say, I'm going to check you out.

I'm going to see.

No, they first put those things on us and then take us away.

MARCIA BIGGS: As protests intensify across the country, so does the uncertainty in the communities bearing the brunt of this crackdown.

For the "PBS News Hour," I'm Marcia Biggs in Los Angeles.

AMNA NAWAZ: We start the day's other headlines at the U.S. Supreme Court, which delivered two unanimous decisions today in favor of the individual over institutions.

One case centered on a family's right to sue the FBI after agents mistakenly raided their home in 2017.

The justices agreed to revive the suit after lower courts ruled in favor of the agents, which could make it easier for others to sue the government in such cases.

Separately, the High Court sided with a student who has a rare form of epilepsy and who claimed her Minnesota school district didn't do enough to accommodate her condition.

That decision could open the door for other families to go to the court over access to education.

President Trump signed a measure today that blocks California's move to ban new gas-powered cars by 2035.

AMNA NAWAZ: In doing so, Trump reversed the Biden administration's prior approval of the first-in-the-nation rule.

He also signed measures to overturn the state policies on tailpipe emissions and smog-forming pollution, calling such regulations crazy.

California and 10 other states quickly challenged the move in court.

Today's action is the latest volley in an ongoing battle between Trump and California's Governor Gavin Newsom, who blamed the president for what he called an all-out assault on his state.

In Texas, flooding overnight has killed at least four people in San Antonio.

Weather officials say more than seven inches of rain drenched highways and washed away cars leaving many drivers stranded.

At least two people are still missing.

Some people were forced to climb trees to escape the water.

Officials say they made at least 65 water rescues during one eight-hour stretch.

By mid-morning, the flooding was receding, though rain was still falling in some areas.

Meanwhile, in South Africa, recent flooding has now killed at least 78 people, according to a government minister.

Officials say rescue attempts in the Eastern Cape province have been paralyzed due to a lack of resources.

The area is one of South Africa's poorest regions.

Rescue teams are recovering bodies and searching for those still missing.

Heavy rains on Tuesday burst riverbanks and sent 10 to 13 feet of water rushing into nearby towns.

Officials say dozens of schools and hospitals were damaged, and roughly 1,000 people were left homeless.

Russia hit Ukraine overnight with a barrage of drones that killed at least three people.

The strikes jolted residents awake in the northeastern city of Kharkiv.

It's the latest in a series of ramped-up Russian aerial attacks this week.

In the meantime, across the border, Russians celebrated Russia Day with concerts and other public gatherings.

The holiday marks the anniversary of Russia's declaration of sovereignty in 1990.

It comes as Ukraine's military claims that over a million Russian troops have been killed or injured during their three-year war.

That estimate is in line with Western intelligence estimates, though Russia hasn't provided any such numbers since early in the conflict.

In Gaza, there are conflicting claims over clashes involving Hamas and an aid group working in the area.

The territory's Hamas-run police force says it killed 12 members of an Israeli-backed militia today.

But an aid group backed by Israel and the U.S. says at least five of its workers were killed when Hamas attacked their bus.

Neither of these claims has been independently verified.

But they come amid near-daily shootings around sites run by the GHF, or Gaza Humanitarian Foundation, which has largely taken over aid distribution in the territory.

Back in this country, a Harvard University researcher charged with smuggling frog embryos into the U.S. was released on bail today.

Russian-born Kseniia Petrova spent four months in federal custody after failing to declare a package of scientific samples on her way home from vacation.

She was detained at Boston's Logan Airport in February and was then transferred to multiple detention centers.

Following her release today, the 30-year-old was all smiles outside the courthouse.

KSENIIA PETROVA, Harvard Scientist (through translator): I just want to thank everybody for supporting me, following my story, especially and first of all, to my friends and colleagues.

I'm very grateful to all the journalists who made my story so famous and so well known.

AMNA NAWAZ: Petrova appeared on this program in April via video call from the ICE facility where she was held.

She will return to court next week for a hearing on the smuggling charge against her.

On Wall Street today, stocks edged higher after a reassuring update on inflation.

The Dow Jones industrial average added around 100 points on the day.

The Nasdaq rose 46 points, or a quarter of a percent.

The S&P 500 also posted modest gains.

And former MTV host and V.J.

Ananda Lewis has died after a battle with breast cancer.

ANANDA LEWIS, Former MTV Host: But until then, I got a Snoop video for you, OK?

AMNA NAWAZ: She helped to lead one of MTV's flagship programs, "Total Request Live," or "TRL," the iconic daily top 10 music video countdown, along with other shows like "Hot Zone."

Her fame at the peak of MTV's prominence led to her own syndicated talk show, "The Ananda Lewis Show," when she left the network in 2001.

Lewis revealed her cancer diagnosis in 2020, saying that she had long avoided mammograms due to a fear of radiation exposure.

She then used her platform to urge women to get screened.

Ananda Lewis was just 52 years old.

Still to come on the "News Hour": the U.S. House approves a bill that cuts funding for public broadcasting and foreign aid; the State Department orders some staff and families to leave the Middle East in a sign of heightened tensions with Iran; and San Antonio's mayor discusses the widespread protests against immigration raids.

Members of Congress have been quick to react to news from across the country that one of their own, California Senator Alex Padilla, was forcibly removed from Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem's press conference this afternoon.

Democrats pointed the blame at the Trump administration, while Republicans called out the senator.

And it all came as the House voted to cancel nearly $10 billion of foreign aid and public media funding.

Our Lisa Desjardins has been following it all from Capitol Hill and she joins me now.

So, Lisa, let's start with Senator Padilla.

Tell us about the reaction among lawmakers you have been talking to after that incident and his handling by federal officials there.

LISA DESJARDINS: Amna, as I speak to you now, these events didn't happen that long ago.

The reaction Capitol Hill was swift, especially from Democrats.

They were outraged and concerned that what they saw and what happened to Senator Padilla is something that they think could grow.

They saw a danger here.

And they took their concerns across the Capitol, outside of the steps of the Capitol themselves.

Now, on the steps of the Capitol, in this impromptu news conference that gathered more and more lawmakers as time went on, Democratic members said they wanted an investigation of what happened here.

Then later on, another impromptu event.

The Congressional Hispanic Caucus, you see, marched across the Capitol to the office of Senate Republican leader and the leader of the Senate, John Thune.

There, they were inside meeting with Thune's staff.

I was there for that meeting, where one by one they expressed concerns, in fact, saying later on that they believe Senator Padilla was assaulted.

REP. ADRIANO ESPAILLAT (D-NY): Anyone that's reasonable and sees the video will understand that Senator Padilla was not aggressive.

He held his hands up and he identified himself.

And all he wanted to do was make a statement or ask a question.

And he got thrown into the ground and cuffed.

LISA DESJARDINS: Democrats saying this behavior is something that they think could expand, and it shows that the Department of Homeland Security, in their opinion, is out of line with the law.

When I asked who they think should be charged with an assault, if they see an assault here, they didn't answer that directly.

But they think that Noem herself and the agency are responsible here.

AMNA NAWAZ: So, Lisa, Democrats clearly worried about the use of force.

What about Republicans?

What are you hearing from Republican leaders on this?

LISA DESJARDINS: It's a complete 180.

They think that Senator Padilla was inappropriate in how he interrupted the news conference, that he was shouting, that it was behavior unbecoming a senator or any U.S. lawmaker.

And when the Speaker of the House Mike Johnson was asked about this as this was all unfolding, and he did say that he thinks that Senator Padilla was in the wrong.

REP. MIKE JOHNSON (R-LA): I think there needs to be a message sent by the body as a whole that this is not what we are going to do.

That's not how we're going to act.

We're not going to have branches fighting physically and having senators charging Cabinet secretaries.

We have got to do better.

And I hope that we will.

LISA DESJARDINS: Now, the video doesn't indicate, I think, that the senator was charging the Cabinet secretary so much.

He clearly was trying to ask a question and there was an interaction between him and ICE agents.

But what Speaker Johnson was saying there is that the senator was in the wrong.

And he opened the idea that perhaps the Senate needs to consider a censure.

Now, we're waiting for Senate Leader John Thune to have a statement himself.

Obviously, this is a temperature rise here at the Capitol, as we have also seen around the country.

AMNA NAWAZ: Lisa, let's turn now to that House vote I know you were tracking to claw back funding for foreign aid and also for public media.

There was a dramatic back-and-forth, but it did ultimately pass.

Tell us what happened.

LISA DESJARDINS: What a dramatic vote.

Republicans were losing this vote in the House chamber, and I sat there and I watched as Speaker Johnson turned around to Republican votes so that they were able to put through this package of immediate budget cuts in the House.

Let's look at exactly what's on the table in these budget cuts.

A reminder, it's $9.4 billion, a small sliver of the federal budget, but that would include mostly foreign aid money, among that, $400 million for HIV prevention and treatment around the world.

In addition, it would eliminate public broadcasting funding for the next two years and 15 percent cut for PBS, as well as a 1 percent cut for NPR.

Now, PBS did have a response in a statement about what these cuts would mean here.

The statement reads: "If these are finalized by the Senate, it will have a devastating effect on PBS and local member stations, particularly in smaller and rural stations."

And that was the concern of those Republicans who voted no, Amna.

I am told that one who switched his vote, Don Bacon, switched his vote because he was guaranteed by House leadership that this PBS money would be restored in the fall.

There are many who are skeptic that will actually happen.

AMNA NAWAZ: And, Lisa, what are the expectations for the bill in the Senate?

LISA DESJARDINS: That's right.

This is going to be a battle in the Senate.

It is possible that these cuts are blocked there.

There is concern for PBS and also that HIV money there as well.

We will watch it closely.

AMNA NAWAZ: Lisa Desjardins on Capitol Hill for us tonight.

Lisa, thank you.

LISA DESJARDINS: You're welcome.

GEOFF BENNETT: President Trump is downplaying the likelihood of an imminent Israeli strike on Iran's nuclear sites, but he's also warning Americans in the region to leave, citing the risk of conflict.

His comments follow a vote by the U.N. nuclear watchdog declaring Iran in violation of its nonproliferation commitments.

Here's what the president said earlier today.

DONALD TRUMP, President of the United States: Well, I don't want to say imminent, but it looks like it's something that could very well happen.

Look, it's very simple, not complicated.

Iran cannot have a nuclear weapon.

Other than that, I want them to be successful.

I want them to be tremendous.

We will help them be successful.

We will trade with them.

We will do whatever is necessary.

I want to have an agreement with Iran.

We're fairly close to an agreement.

As long as I think there is an agreement, I don't want them going in, because I think That would blow it.

Might help it, actually, but it also could blow it.

There's a chance of massive conflict.

We have a lot of American people in this area.

And I said, we got to tell them to get out because something could happen soon.

GEOFF BENNETT: For insight, we turn now to David Sanger, New York Times White House and national security correspondent.

Thank you for being with us.

So, based on your reporting, what indicators point to this being a near-term decision for Israel?

And what should we make of the contradictory signals coming from the White House?

DAVID SANGER, The New York Times: Well, thanks for having me on.

So the Israelis have been threatening for months now to take military action because Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu believes this is a unique moment of vulnerability for the Iranians.

Israel knocked out many of their air defenses back in October during those missile exchanges, you may recall.

Obviously, Hamas and Hezbollah are no longer in a position to respond to any kind of attack on Iran by taking it out on Israel.

So, the position that the Israeli government has taken is, you will never have a chance like this again and that the Iranians will rebuild.

President Trump has been saying, look, let's give diplomacy one last chance here.

And his special envoy, Steve Witkoff, turned in a proposal to the Iranians a few weeks ago that would have gradually weaned them of their own enrichment of uranium and turned all of this over to an international consortium that Iran would be a member of, but it wouldn't be producing on Iranian soil.

And the Iranians rejected that.

And so now the question is, what are the Israelis doing?

Are they really about to attack?

Or are they creating a condition that will allow Mr. Witkoff to go back on Sunday and say, look, you're going to give this up diplomatically or you're going to lose it militarily?

GEOFF BENNETT: Well, if Israel acts unilaterally, what's the risk that U.S. military forces in the region get drawn into this conflict?

DAVID SANGER: Very high.

Almost every time there has been modeling of what happens, even if Israel goes at this alone, it usually comes out with the U.S. getting involved, either because the Iranians attack U.S. bases in the region, which they have threatened to do in this case, or because they attack Israel and the United States steps in to defend its ally.

I don't think President Trump wants to go do that.

And one of the differences between this and the Iran crises of a decade ago is that the Arab states also want to keep the region pretty peaceful right now and don't view the Iranian nuclear threat as quite as imminent or actually focused on them.

But the fact of the matter is that, if you just read the International Atomic Energy Agency reports, Iran now has the fuel to make about 10 nuclear weapons, and they would get the fuel together in fairly short order, a matter of weeks.

It could take months or a year to actually fabricate that into a working weapon.

GEOFF BENNETT: Well, in the context of past Middle East crises, how significant is this moment?

DAVID SANGER: It's a pretty significant one, but do remember that Prime Minister Netanyahu has gone right to the edge of attacking Iran and its facilities several times before, and always pulled back.

Now, the conditions, the strategic conditions, as I said, are very different, and his political base is very different here.

He's on pretty thin ice with his own coalition right now, and this might be a way of sort of unifying them.

On the other hand if he goes in without American support on the initial attack, there's a limited amount of damage he could do to the Iranian nuclear facilities.

The ones that are deep underground, half-a-mile or so, in a mountain called Fordow, the Israelis probably cannot reach.

And so then the question is, if you have only set them back a year or a year-and-a-half, two years, is it worth the enormous risk of triggering another regional war?

GEOFF BENNETT: David Sanger, thank you so much for bringing some context and clarity to this.

We appreciate it.

DAVID SANGER: Thank you.

GEOFF BENNETT: Today, a federal judge in California heard the state's challenge to President Trump's deployment of the National Guard and U.S. Marines to Los Angeles to assist with enforcing federal immigration laws.

AMNA NAWAZ: The administration argues that the president had discretion to deploy the troops and they're in the city to protect law enforcement.

Meanwhile, California Governor Gavin Newsom, who filed the temporary restraining order earlier this week, has said the White House's actions are a -- quote -- "power grab" that violates the U.S. Constitution.

Joining me now to discuss this further is Liza Goitein.

She's senior director at the Brennan Center for Justice's Liberty and National Security Program.

Liza, welcome back to the program and thanks for joining us.

Let's start with this legal fight now over the federal deployment of troops in response to those protests against immigration raids.

Walk us through the administration's legal main argument here.

How are they justifying the deployment of those troops?

ELIZABETH GOITEIN, Brennan Center for Justice: So, the administration is relying on an obscure statute that has actually never before been used as a stand-alone authority to quell civil unrest.

That's a law that requires, in order to quell civil unrest, that there be a rebellion against government authority or that it be impossible for the president to execute the law without deploying the military.

Now, those conditions don't really seem to have been met here, but what the government is arguing is that the court cannot review whether the president's findings were correct or not, that as long as the president says that there was a rebellion, there was a rebellion.

So that's really the main argument.

The government is also claiming a vast inherent constitutional authority to deploy federal troops to protect federal property and functions.

This is a longstanding executive branch theory, but it really hasn't been tested in the courts yet.

AMNA NAWAZ: And, in challenging that federal deployment of troops, we saw in Governor Newsom's lawsuit the claim that the administration didn't have the authority to federalize the National Guard without the state's consent.

He claims they violated the 10th Amendment.

And they also argued that this kind of civil unrest that they're seeing can be handled and contained by state and local authorities.

What do you make of that argument?

ELIZABETH GOITEIN: Well, quelling civil unrest is a responsibility that is entrusted to state and local law enforcement, state and local officers under the Constitution, except in the most extreme circumstances.

And the Department of Justice has historically taken the position that federal troops should be deployed for this purpose only if the state requests assistance, if there is outright defiance of a federal court order, or if state and local law enforcement are completely overwhelmed.

And, once again, none of these conditions are present here.

The last time that a president federalized the National Guard and deployed them to a state to quell civil unrest over the objection of a governor was in 1965, during the civil rights era, to protect civil rights marchers who are marching from Montgomery to Selma, Alabama.

So that has happened really in the in circumstances where state and local law enforcement were not willing to take action against threats of violence or violence against civil rights marchers, African Americans who were trying to attend school, or in cases where state and local law enforcement were in open defiance of court orders.

AMNA NAWAZ: Liza, one important distinction I want to get your take on here.

We have heard that the National Guard is saying the officers have been accompanying ICE on immigration raids, that the federal officers there are not enforcing arrests yet there.

What would have to happen legally for those troops to act in that way?

ELIZABETH GOITEIN: So the Posse Comitatus Act, which is an extremely important law in our country, prohibits federal forces from engaging in core law enforcement activities such as arrests, searches, and seizures unless expressly authorized by Congress.

And what the administration is saying is,our forces right now on the ground are not actually engaging in those activities.

And, as of now, that does seem to be the case.

However, reportedly, the troops have been authorized to detain civilians.

That is a core law enforcement activity under the Posse Comitatus Act.

So if and when that starts to happen -- and, frankly, it's hard to see how that doesn't happen if they're going to do more than just stand in A line outside of these federal buildings.

Then we're going to see this claim of inherent constitutional authority butting up against one of the most important laws that Congress has passed, the Posse Comitatus Act, which is a vital safeguard for liberty and democracy.

AMNA NAWAZ: I have just got about 30 seconds left, but I want to ask you about the potential for troops to be deployed in even more cities across the country.

As a legal expert tracking the use of this emergency power, how do you look at that?

ELIZABETH GOITEIN: Well, one of the most alarming things about all of this is that President Trump's memorandum authorizing the deployment of troops is not limited to Los Angeles.

In fact, it doesn't mention Los Angeles.

It authorizes deployment of federal forces anywhere in the country where protests against ICE activity are occurring, regardless of whether those protests involve any violence, and also in places where protests are likely to occur.

That kind of preemptive nationwide deployment is absolutely unprecedented in our history.

That doesn't happen in the United States of America.

AMNA NAWAZ: Liza Goitein of the Brennan Center for Justice, thank you for joining us tonight.

ELIZABETH GOITEIN: My pleasure.

GEOFF BENNETT: Well, today, Texas Governor Greg Abbott said 5,000 National Guard members have also been deployed throughout that state ahead of planned protests.

Several mayors are pushing back on that move, including San Antonio Mayor Ron Nirenberg.

I spoke with him earlier today.

Mayor Nirenberg, welcome to the "News Hour."

How would you characterize what unfolded in San Antonio last night?

What did you see and what did it signal to you?

RON NIRENBERG, Mayor of San Antonio, Texas: It was a peaceful demonstration in opposition to very cruel and inhumane ways that the Trump administration is carrying out its interpretations of immigration law.

Once again, San Antonio has demonstrated that we have a long tradition of peaceful demonstrations and protests in support of human rights and civil rights.

And it was there last night.

And it was also monitored and supported in people exercising their First Amendment rights by our San Antonio Police Department, which does a great job in supporting people's right to assemble.

GEOFF BENNETT: Governor Abbott says the decision to send in the National Guard will allow for what he called a more robust response.

Do you agree?

RON NIRENBERG: Well, we don't need the National Guard.

We know how to handle these kinds of protests and demonstrations.

We have a long history of that.

We didn't ask for the Guard.

We weren't notified about it.

My hope is that DPS and the San Antonio Police Department will remain coordinated.

But, in my estimation, this kind of anticipatory show of force only feeds into the people that want to escalate tensions.

And that's not the goal if our effort is to protect public safety.

GEOFF BENNETT: And how does that complicate your job as mayor?

RON NIRENBERG: Well, number one, this nation and our democracy is founded on the right to exercise speech and to assemble and to oppose dictatorial law -- or dictatorial rule.

And that's what people are doing here in the street of San Antonio and so many other places.

It ought to be supported by people, at the same time protecting public safety.

And that's what we have continued to remind our community.

There is a way to do this right and also make your voice heard.

And that is to ensure nobody gets harmed and property isn't damaged.

That's what the police department here is very good at supporting.

And they're going to continue to do that.

National Guard hasn't been deployed in San Antonio in a very, very long time.

And we don't see it's necessary, given what we saw last night and what we have seen repeatedly over the years.

GEOFF BENNETT: How have the ICE raids affected the San Antonio community?

RON NIRENBERG: Well, San Antonio is an international city.

We are a binational community by heritage.

We are a community that's the largest Latino majority in the country.

And so we treat people with dignity and respect and compassion, and that goes for immigrants too.

And so the kind of really cruel and inhumane approach to immigration policy that you have seen from the Trump administration really rips at the fabric of families here.

And that's why you're seeing the resistance and the opposition out in the street.

We stand up for our neighbors.

We stand up for the people that we work with and go to school with and who fight our battles in the military for us.

And that's going to continue.

It's making people very angry.

It's making people who have immigrated here fearful.

And that rips away the fabric and social cohesion that is an earmark of the San Antonio community.

That's why people are upset.

That's why I, frankly, agree with their anger.

And that's why we need to peacefully assemble and oppose these kind of inhumane laws and try to bring some reason back into our lawmakers.

GEOFF BENNETT: Ron Nirenberg, the mayor of San Antonio, thank you for joining us this evening.

We appreciate it.

RON NIRENBERG: Thanks for having me, Geoff.

AMNA NAWAZ: The Trump administration's cuts to the U.S. Agency for International Development, or USAID, have reverberated around the world.

The agency, which operated in over 100 nations and employed thousands of people, has been virtually eliminated.

In partnership with the Pulitzer Center, William Brangham has been working on a series about USAID, and he joins us now.

William, good to see you.

AMNA NAWAZ: So this is a huge agency we're talking about, spent roughly $40 billion in taxpayer funds every year.

It's a big arm of American foreign policy.

Tell us about what you have been reporting on.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: The big picture here is that USAID's goal, and this has been the bipartisan goal since its inception, is that this is in some ways an expression of America's moral obligation.

We're a superpower.

We are on the global stage, and we ought to help people in need.

But it's also served the secondary national security role, a very specific one, that this is soft power at its best.

It's burnished America's image with people all over the world.

It has helped keep an eye on infectious diseases and deal with climate crises.

It has, supporters say, tamped down drug trafficking and violent extremism, basically stopping threats before they come to America.

That's the big picture, but producer Molly Knight Raskin and I wanted to look very specifically at what USAID's work means for some very specific and vulnerable communities.

AMNA NAWAZ: So, tonight's report is from Kenya.

Tell us more about that, what the focus is.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Tonight's focus is on HIV and AIDS.

And Kenya has been doing a pretty good job thus far tamping down that virus.

And USAID has played a very big part in that.

When that support goes away -- I mean, there have been a lot of projections, we have reported on them, about the number of deaths that might occur.

And, frankly, it's still too early to really know.

I mean, all of our reporting shows that, yes, people are dying and will continue to do so.

But we wanted to give a very sort of close-up, personal look at what HIV care and prevention really looks like.

It's a lot more than just giving people medication.

And we wanted to give people, basically, viewers a sense of what that taxpayer money is going to do and, more importantly, what happens when that support vanishes.

Victor Thomas is alive today thanks in large part to USAID.

The 13-year-old has been HIV-positive since he was born.

He and his brother Kevin both got the virus from their mother.

Without regular antiretroviral treatment, most kids won't make it past 5.

Victor lives in this small tin-roofed home.

There's no electricity or plumbing.

It sits on the edge of Mombasa, a city on the coast of Kenya.

He lives with his mom, Sarah, and his other siblings.

Sarah has struggled with her own HIV status.

Even though the virus is prevalent here, the stigma surrounding it feeds denial and often keeps people away from treatment.

EUNICE ACHIENG OCHOLA, Community Health Worker: It was not easy for her to accept that two kids on medication, they have to take their medication.

What was she going to tell the kids when they grow up?

What was she going to tell the other kids?

She's a single mother.

And she didn't accept herself totally.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Eunice Achieng Ochola was an HIV health worker for a local NGO in Mombasa, until the Trump administration ended USAID's work and she lost her job.

Eunice had been caring for Sarah and her two boys for years.

When they would struggle to take their lifesaving HIV medications, she would visit them daily.

SARAH THOMAS, Mother (through translator): Victor knows what the medication is for and he understands he's taking it because he's sick.

In the past, he had difficulty taking them.

EUNICE ACHIENG OCHOLA: So we have been supporting these families and they accept their status.

They stop the stigma part of it, the denial part of it, and then they start living positively.

So that has been my work.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: This program, run by an NGO called USAID Tujitegemee, is focused on helping thousands of orphans and vulnerable kids in Kenya.

It provided not just free HIV testing and medication for the Thomases, but travel costs to the clinic.

It offered Sarah job training so she could start a food vending business.

That income paid for her children to go to school and helped feed them.

But nearly all that work is over.

WOMAN: Multiple sources have confirmed to CBS News that all USAID overseas missions will be shut down.

AMNA NAWAZ: The administration would cut 83 percent of USAID's programs and fold the rest into the State Department.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: In March, Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced the cancellation of almost all of USAID's work, writing that the money spent -- quote -- "did not serve and in some cases even harmed the core national interests of the United States."

JEFFREY OKORO, Executive Director, CFK Africa: The immediate reaction was shock, and we couldn't understand the logic to it.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Jeffrey Okoro runs CFK Africa, a large nonprofit in Nairobi that provides HIV care and many other services in Kibera, the poorest, densest neighborhood in Kenya, with alarmingly high rates of HIV.

It too lost critical support from USAID.

JEFFREY OKORO: The consequences are felt right now across the country and even across Africa.

We know people who've lost their lives.

We know of vital programs providing food assistance and support that have stopped.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Back at the Thomases' home, during this period, when Tujitegemee's work had been stopped, victor's brother Kevin contracted tuberculosis.

T.B.

is endemic in Kenya, and it's the leading cause of death for people with HIV.

Last month, 11-year-old Kevin died at home.

Losing his brother was a terrible blow for Victor, and he wanted to give up his own fight.

EUNICE ACHIENG OCHOLA: Victor also said that: "There is no need of taking medication, because if my brother could leave me" -- and that was the only person he was close to.

So he felt that no need for medication.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Do you think that cases will start to go up, given these cuts?

USAID OFFICIAL: Absolutely.

Absolutely.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: This USAID official would talk with us only if we concealed her identity.

The Trump administration has warned staff not to communicate with the press, and she's worried about retaliation.

USAID OFFICIAL: When I came to work for USAID, it was the first time that I felt really, truly proud.

What we were doing was the best of American generosity, the best of who the American people are.

And now -- yes, now what I feel is deep, deep shame.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Secretary Rubio issued waivers for USAID to continue so-called lifesaving work, which included HIV drug distribution through PEPFAR, which is the U.S. government's decades-old initiative to combat AIDS.

But multiple sources told the "News Hour" that the waivers and stop-work orders have been so confusing and contradictory that many lifesaving programs have ground to a halt.

Secretary Rubio has also said that reports that people have died because of these cuts are -- quote -- "lies."

USAID OFFICIAL: We have had reports from partners of people who have died.

We have had reports of new infections.

I think what we're seeing right now is only the tip of the iceberg in terms of the impact.

That is, people are off their treatment for three months, six months, a year.

That's when we will really see the death start to escalate.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: There are fears that USAID's withdrawal will drive new infections in another vulnerable population, adolescent girls and young women.

The same Tujitegemee NGO ran a highly successful program called DREAMS to address the risk factors that make young women here twice as likely to get HIV as young men.

ELIZABETH AKINYI OWIRA, Participant, DREAMS Program (through translator): The DREAMS program supported our mental health, trained us in life skills, created awareness about harassment and sexual violence, taught us how to use condoms to prevent HIV and unplanned pregnancies, and taught us that, as women, we have rights.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Virtually all of the more than 66,000 girls who went through DREAMS remained HIV-free during their three-year enrollment.

But now the program has been cut, the staff laid off, and the women are living on donations in this cramped and crowded shelter.

They told us they're feeling hopeless, and several mentioned that some are already turning to sex work to support themselves.

Across Kenya, USAID was operating 149 different programs.

Of these, only 30 remain.

USAID OFFICIAL: In Kenya, in particular, there was a plan that the government of Kenya would fully own and manage the HIV response by 2030.

It was a really good, solid five-year plan, like, OK, we're going to hand this over by 2030, not Thursday.

JEFFREY OKORO: Kenya and other African countries have made great strides in containing HIV care and treatment.

USAID infrastructure that was working behind the scene supporting the country, supporting our facilities was and has been very crucial.

And all that is just gone.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: At the Thomases' home, even though they have been let go, Eunice and her colleague are still trying to help the Thomas family.

They said Victor seemed a bit sicker than when they'd last seen him.

He's now dropped out of school because Sarah's food vending business dried up and she can't pay the fees.

While she can still get her antiretrovirals from the clinic, with no transport, it's now over an hour away.

SARAH THOMAS (through translator): My next refill is in July.

However, because I can't afford a ride to the clinic, sometimes, I delay picking up my medication.

No one explained to me why the U.S. cut support.

I just heard that Trump had stopped funding for other countries.

I feel like I'm just waiting to die.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: This is Victor's medication?

Sarah and Victor have about a month's worth of pills left.

They hope, somehow, they will continue to find the way and the will to get their medications and to stay alive.

For the "PBS News Hour," I'm William Brangham in Mombasa, Kenya.

GEOFF BENNETT: And that is the "News Hour" for tonight.

I'm Geoff Bennett.

AMNA NAWAZ: And I'm Amna Nawaz.

On behalf of the entire "News Hour" team, thank you for joining us.